Analysis and Optimization of Thermal Environment in Old Urban Areas from the Perspective of “Function–Form” Differentiation

High-density urban areas have spatial characteristics, such as complex functions, population gathering, and forms, that lead to more severe heat island effects. Systematically evaluating the thermal environmental benefits of forms optimize physical environment is important. In this study, Tianjin’s central area, which a typical representative high-density areas, was selected invert multi-period land surface temperature by relying on existing two- three-dimensional morphological data set communities. The multi-scale geographically weighted regression model used fit relationship between parameters. From this, influencing factors different types community spaces their stabilities were explored. results show following: (1) summer varies greatly in high-temperature are mainly distributed industrial, residential, commercial districts. (2) MGWR has better model-fitting ability. positive influence coefficients include ISP BD, while negative BSD, BH, NDVI, SVF. (3) There significant heterogeneity impact among blocks can be targeted mitigate effect. This study provides ideas for optimizing parameters centers. Future challenges increasing parameter selection range, dissecting interactive relationships effectiveness temperature, refining study’s temporal granularity.